How Does One Rebuild a Failed Movie - 1410 Words

Today, a brief one. Just how does one rebuild a failed movie in such a way as to make it an enjoyable experience for the viewer? Case in point: Drive Angry. Heres what my favorite place says about this motion picture: Drive Angry is a 2011 American action film starring Nicolas Cage and Amber Heard, and directed by Patrick Lussier. It was released on February 25, 2011. Shot in 3-D, the film was met with a mixed reception and grossed almost $30 million....The film has received mixed reviews from critics. It currently holds a 45% rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 111 reviews, and an average rating of 5.3/10. James Kendrick said it was loud, vicious, tasteless and inane. He then went on to say it thunders at you from every direction with a wild abandon that is more irritating and desperate than enlivening. Mark Jenkins from the Washington Post commented that Even at its most lurid, though, the movie is a little dull. It only gets less compelling as the back story fills in. Thomas Layer from the Toronto Telegraph said the film was an abysmal nightmare and that this film was more evidence that Nicolas Cage is a monotone, uninspiring thespian whose films should be avoided at all costs. On the other hand, Elizabeth Weitzman from the New York Daily News wrote, Drive Angry is pure grindhouse, so committed to its own junkiness that it is, in its way, a pleasure to behold. The Evening Standard film critic Stewart Pulsey praised the film for its resilient desire to unmaskShow MoreRelatedItalian Neo Realism During World War II1947 Words   |  8 Pageson Italy. Also â€Å"the common desires of Neorealist film makers†¦ was to show the reality of life in Italy after World War II, and that reality was harsh for many reasons, most of them having to do with the war itself. â€Å" This investigation will explore how genre of Italian Neo-Realism reflects the realities of Italy both at the end of World War II and after World War II Through the films: 1. La Terra Trema - film 2. 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RUKSTAD DAVID COLLIS O The Walt Disney Company: The Entertainment King I only hope that we never lose sight of one thing—that it was all started by a mouse. —Walt Disney The Walt Disney Company’s rebirth under Michael Eisner was widely considered to be one of the th great turnaround stories of the late 20 century. When Eisner arrived in 1984, Disney was languishing and had narrowly avoided takeover and dismemberment. By the end of 2000, however

I Can Identify A Self - 1145 Words

I can identify a â€Å"self† that was me at birth, is me now, and will be me at death. Hume explains self as this; â€Å"we can track our changes throughout our mental life from day to day, and this gives us a sense of connectedness that we call ‘self.’† Hume argued that all there is to ‘self’ is one perception after another. Although I do not have an awareness of when I was born, my first awareness was my 6th birthday and the one person that I wanted to be there did not show, needless to say I was a very sad and disappointed 6 year old that day. If that person had shown, would my perception of â€Å"self† be different today or have reshaped my â€Å"self† in any way? I often think about the perceptions I have of what has happened in my life, would these†¦show more content†¦I am who I am and I will continue to be me. I still have the same temperament that I had when I was younger however I have learned how to put myself into time out so that I do not lose control. My beliefs have become stronger, or more opinionated which I think comes from experiences and education. I have brown hair, now a days it comes from a box. I have brown eyes, which need a little extra help to see. I am still 5’10† although people think I am taller than that. I still feel like I can fit into the same clothes I wore in high school, until I look in the mirror and get the dreadful reality check, after all I have had five children and I enjoy rich foods and nice wines, preferably Cabs. As in John Perry’s The First Night, Miller talks about the sameness of body and soul/mind/conscience/identity in trying to provide Weirob, whose body is dying but her mind is still sharp, with a sense of hope and to persuade her of her survival after death is possible. Weirob uses the analogy of a river and how the water is different each time you come to it although by the physical appearance you still know it to be is the same river and with that Weirob goes on to say that even though each time you visit with a friend, you know it is the same friend by the physical appearance, even though over time has had cellular changes, but is it the same soul

Chinese Civil Service Examination Free Essays

The Imperial Examination System in Ancient China Abstract: Imperial examination in ancient China was developing based on the nine-rank system. From Sui and Tang dynasties to Guangxu year, Qing dynasty, it took more than 1300 years to evolve. The Imperial Examination is officially called Keju Examination in China, which was an important part of education system of feudal society in ancient China. We will write a custom essay sample on Chinese Civil Service Examination or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the mean time, it was a kind of officer-selecting system as well. It played a significant role in cultivating, selecting, and making use of talents. Modern examination system also takes example by the imperial examinations in ancient China. So we should attach importance to researching and studying it due to its enlightenment to the innovation of education system. Have you ever wondered why there is an examination this kind of stuff which makes students â€Å"suffer† a lot and how it comes about? What is its origin? And how did it develop? Actually, China has a long history in examination system. So, I will talk about the imperial examination system in China which has a far-reaching impact to other Asian countries. The establishment of the nine-rank system A certain system cannot be created without foundation and time, it must have an origin, and before the establishment of the system, there must have been a predecessor originating gradually† ——Ch’ ien Mu? Imperial examination did not arise suddenly. Before the imperial examination was created, the nine-rank system was considered to be the precur sor of it. According to Ci Hai dictionary, the explanation of the word â€Å"nine-rank system†: At the end of the Eastern Han dynasty, Cao Cao was in power, he advocated â€Å"Wei Cai Shi Ju†, which means everyone has an opportunity to be an official as long as he is outstanding enough. In the year 220, Cao Pi adopted Ministry of Personnel, Chen Qun’s suggestion that every prefecture could elect a reputable man to be the â€Å"Zhongzheng† (a kind of official), and the government classified them as nine ranks according to their capability. Cao Pi maintained Cao Cao’s principle that pedigree will not be the prerequisite. According to baike. baidu. com, at the beginning when nine-rank system was established, the criterion for estimating candidates was focused on extraction, morality, and ability. However, with the development of nine-rank system, extraction became the prerequisite, event the sole touchstone. When it came to Western Jin Dynasty, there had been a situation that first-class positions only admitted aristocrats and inferior-class positions only admitted people who didn’t have eminent background. Until the Northern Dynasty, national minority was in charge of the government. So the nine-rank system couldn’t efficiently work as before and became formalistic. Finally, it was abolished because of the lapse of aristocrats by Sui Dynasty. The establishment of Keju System (The Imperial Examination System) Sui Dynasty: In 589, Sui Wendi (the emperor) set up two subjects of Xiu Cai and Ming Jing. In 606, Sui Yangdi (the next emperor) started to add another subject of Jin Shi. Therefore, it became the mark of the establishment of Keju System. Tang Dynasty: Tang Dynasty carried forward the system from Sui Dynasty practicing Keju System which used the subject of Jin Shi as the dominative way to select dedicates to upper level. Those who hoped to be the officials of the bureaucracy should compete in the Jin Shi exams, which tested their knowledge about the Five Confucian Classics. They are: Title (English)| Title (Chinese)| Brief Description| Classic of Poetry| A collection of 305 poems divided into 160 folk songs, 105 festal songs sung at court ceremonies, and 40 hymns and eulogies sung at sacrifices to gods and ancestral spirits of the royal house. | Book of Documents| | A collection of documents and speeches alleged to have been written by rulers and officials of the early Zhou period and before. It is possibly the oldest Chinese narrative, and may date from the 6th century BC. It includes examples of early Chinese prose. | Book of Rites| | Describes ancient rites, social forms and court ceremonies. The version studied today is a re-worked version compiled by scholars in the third century BC rather than the original text, which is said to have been edited by Confucius himself. | Classic of Changes| | Also known as  I Ching  or  Book of Changes. The book contains a  divination  system comparable to Western  geomancy  or the West African system. In  Western  cultures and modern East Asia, it is still widely used for this purpose. | Spring and Autumn Annals| | Also known as  Lin Jing  ( ), a historical record of the state of Lu, Confucius’s native state, 722–481 BC, compiled by himself, with mplied condemnation of usurpations, murder, incest, etc. | Graph from Wikipedia.? By the end of Tang Dynasty, the old aristocracy had been supplanted by the scholar-gentry. Song Dynasty: during the Song Dynasty, there were several reformations and the Keju System became more and more mature and consummate. It had reached its summit. The government expanded admission quota and established Provincial Examination, Metropolitan Examination, and Final Imperial Examination. Those exams would be hold triennially. Song Dynasty changed the situation that merchant were discriminated in Sui and Tang Dynasties. Thanks to this policy, many people who were born miserably could have a fair access to higher level of bureaucracy. Ming and Qing Dynasty: The Imperial Examination System reached its final form under Ming Dynasty, and was adopted almost intact by the succeeding Qing dynasty. Metropolitan Examination was holding every three years in Jing Cheng (Beijing), and officials were rotated every three years in order to prevent them from building up a power base. The admission criterion was divided into three levels. The top level included three quotas: Zhuang Yuan, Bang Yan, and Tan Hua. The other levels would enroll several examinees. The subject matter of the examinations was about the Four Books and Five Confucian Classics. The form for an examination paper became the stylized â€Å"eight-legged essay† (Ba Gu Wen), which had eight main headings, used 700 characters or less, and dealt with topics according to a certain set manner. According to www. Newworldencyclopedia. org. ? By 1370, the examinations lasted between 24 and 72 hours, and were conducted in spare, isolated examination rooms; sometimes, however, it was held in cubicles. The small rooms featured two boards which could be placed together to form a bed, or placed on different levels to serve as a desk and chair. In order to obtain objectivity in evaluation, candidates were identified by number rather than name, and examination answers were recopied by a third person before being evaluated to prevent the candidate’s handwriting from being recognized. The examinations were often criticized because the ability to do well on the examination did not necessarily reflect the ability to govern well, and because they gave precedence to style over content and originality of thought. The exam system was abolished in 1905. The rulers realized that in order for the country to survive in the 20th century, they had to abandon the Confucian-classics-based education system, and adopt a Western-type, science-and-technology-based system. How many types of degrees could people get? What were the sorts of those degrees? The sort of degrees can reflect the completeness of Chinese Imperial Examination System. Types of Degree Level 1: District Level First you had to pass the district level exam. There was no degree at this level. The people who passed the district level exam would have the title of Tong Sheng( ). Then you have the qualification to take the prefectural level exam. Level 2a: Prefectural Level People who pass the prefectural level exam achieved Sheng Yuan( ) degree. The exam was held two times every three years at the capital of the local prefecture. The most outstanding Sheng Yuan could directly be given the Gong Sheng( ) degree. Level 2b With time going on, the government became corrupt and allowed people to buy a Jian Sheng( ) degree. Wealthy people who were too lazy to study or who failed the prefectural level exam bought these degrees to improve their social status. These Jian Sheng had the same qualification to take next level examination. Level 3: Provincial Level People who passed the provincial level exam were awarded the Ju Ren( ) degree. The exam was held at the provincial capital every three years. Very few of the population had this degree. These people where considered upper gentry. Level 4: Metropolitan Level People who passed the metropolitan level exam were awarded the Gong Sheng( )degree. Soon after passing the metropolitan test, the candidate would take the Palace Examination and be conferred the Jin Shi( ) degree. The exam was given at Beijing once every three years. What kind of influence does it have? Is it beneficial or detrimental for the social development? The Imperial Examination System was more like a double-edged sword, since it brings the uniformity to the country but reluctance to innovate and change. The advantageous and disadvantageous influence Positive impact * Keju System facilitates traditional Confucian culture popularized and made the society generate a lively, critical, academic environment. From Song dynasty, no matter how humbly the examinees were, they had the equal opportunity to enter a high position in government as other aristocrats had. So this system not only expanded the scope of selecting talents, but also played an important part in maintaining the stability of society. During Ming and Qing dynasty, about half of Jin Shi was born in p oor families. * The strict system provided impartial chances to commoners so that government had a good reputation at that time. * As the country who invented examination system, China has been known by other countries in the world. The Keju System is regarded as a cornerstone of other exam patterns. It has a far-reaching impact to East Asia and Western world. From 8th to 10th century, Japan had imitated the Keju System, and so as Korea and Vietnam. In 1855, the civil official examination system was officially established in Britain. â€Å"It is widely acknowledged by Western scholars today that China’s imperial examination system exerted direct influence on the modern civil service examination system in the West,† said Li Shiyu, a guest-visitor to the exhibition and researcher with the Institute of History under the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences.? Negative impact  · Keju system didn’t radically solve the problem that public officials appointed people by favouritism. With strengthen of centralization of authority, Keju System was gradually controlled by monarch or high-level officials. And the number of enrollees was not enough at all so that people who had relationships with officials could easily slip through and pass the examination. * Keju system cannot help enhance administrative efficiency in its original sense. Because of the complicated bureaucracy set, people who passed the examinations could not adapt the complicacy and put knowledge into practice. It caused people to have a rigescent thought. Most people took the Keju examination just in order to change their family financial condition instead to change the decayed political condition. What they learned could not match the reality well and help a lot so that executive system verged to conservative and closed. With time going on, China gradually lost many cha nces to innovate. * Many multitudes gave up their jobs, many young males lay their farm land wasted so that they could have plenty of time to prepare for the examinations. To some extent, the crop yield took a hit because of a large number of strong adults wanted to be an official instead of a farmer. Purpose of Imperial Examination System In ancient China, most people lived at the bottom of the society, the only way they could change their destiny was to take Imperial Exams. Since the process of studying for the examination was time-consuming, most male adults had to do farming work during the daytime, but those wealthy land-owning gentries could have plenty of spare time to study. So they became the main candidates for high-ranking government officials. The examination system distributed its prizes according to provincial and prefectural quotas, which meant that imperial officials were recruited from the whole country, in numbers roughly proportional to each province’s population. Elite individuals all over China, even in the disadvantaged peripheral regions, had a chance at succeeding in the examinations and achieving the rewards of holding office. In earlier period, it was a fair method for commoners to change their social status, however, under some late dynasties the imperial bureaucracy became corrupt, examinations were abolished and official posts were either sold or given as rewards. At these times, the public morale diminished, and some type of reform was often introduced to restore traditional Confucian values in the government. The uniformity of the content of the examinations helped maintain the basic cultural values. Even only few people could pass the exam and finally get title, the preparation for and the hope of eventual success on a subsequent examination sustained the interest of those who took them. Those who failed to pass—most of the andidates at any single examination did not lose wealth or local social standing; as dedicated believers in Confucian orthodoxy, they served, without the benefit of state appointments, as teachers, patrons of the arts, and managers of local projects, such as irrigation works, schools, or charitable foundations. With the Imperial examination, the society was in a dense academic atmosphere. After Qing Dynasty collapsed, what is the examination system like? What is its difference or similarity between Western countri es and China? The Examination System After 1912 After 1912, soon the Chinese revolutionary league was established. It was led by Sun Zhongshan( considered as the Father of Republic of China). Sun had been studied abroad in Japan and had a very progressive thought. He adopted a lot of excellent western ideas and devoted himself to reform and innovation. Not only in political and economic aspects, but also in education. He zealously sparkplugs western-style education system. A lot of public schools were built. Ordinary people could afford their children to get education. It was a good start in New China. Today, Chinese Communists studying capitalist civil service systems have been making a similar point. Deng Xiaoping has said, in reference to economic reforms, â€Å"It doesn’t matter if the cat is black or white, as long as it catches mice. † The current Chinese civil service reform (CSR) is an adjunct to the economic reforms begun in 1978. Regional and city governments, as well as a few national ministries, began experimenting with Western civil service techniques (particularly the use of examinations for selection). With the improvement of the education system, the quality of common people is also promoted. With United Nations’ help (United Nations Development Program, 1987, 1989), the Chinese have been bringing foreign personnel experts to China and sending Chinese administrators abroad to study Western personnel technology. Although they are studying foreign systems, in the end, they insist that they will adopt a system with distinct â€Å"Chinese characteristics. † If I have more time, I would like explore the western countries’ comments on Chinese civil examination and advises; the problems that current Chinese education system has and methods to solve it; the education system in capitalist countries and make a comparison. Work cited: ? Chi’en Mu. Zhong Guo Zheng Zhi Li Dai De Shi. Sheng Huo ·Du Shu ·Xin Zhi San Lian Bookstore Press. 2005. ISBN: 9787108015280 ? http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Four_Books_and_Five_Classics ? http://www. newworldencyclopedia. org/entry/Imperial_Examinations_(Keju) ? Ancient Imperial Exams with Modern Relevance, China. org. cn. Retrieved on August 24, 2007. ? Monique Nagel-Angermann. 2012, Exam time. Calliope, 22, 24-27. ProQuest Research Library. 27 Oct. 2012. ? Miyazaki, Ichisada. China’s Examination Hell: The Civil Service Examinations of Imperial China. [1976] reprint 1981. 18 Nov. 2012 ? http://www. kwanfamily. info. Web. 21 Nov, 2012. Site creation date July 6, 2002. ? Nagel-Angermann, Monique. â€Å"Exam Time. † Calliope 2012: 24-7. ProQuest Research Library. 22 Nov. 2012. ? Aufrecht, Steven E. , and Li Siu Bun. â€Å"Reform with Chinese Characteristics: The Context of Chinese Civil Service Reform. † Public administration review 55. 2 (1995): 175-. ABI/INFORM Complete; ProQuest Research Library. 27 Nov. 2012 . How to cite Chinese Civil Service Examination, Essay examples

Define Euthanasia and assisted suicide Essay Example For Students

Define Euthanasia and assisted suicide Essay Abstract This paper will define Euthanasia and assisted suicide. Euthanasia is often confused with and associated with assisted suicide, definitions of the two are required. Two perspectives shall be presented in this paper. The first perspective will favor euthanasia or the right to die, the second perspective will favor antieuthanasia, or the right to live. Each perspective shall endeavor to clarify the legal, moral and ethical ramifications or aspects of euthanasia. Thesis Statement Euthanasia, also mercy killing, is the practice of ending a life so as to release an individual from an incurable disease or intolerable suffering. Euthanasia is a merciful means to and end of long-term suffering. Euthanasia is a relatively new dilemma for the United States and has gained a bad reputation from negative media hype surrounding assisted suicides. Euthanasia has a purpose and should be evaluated as humanely filling a void created by our sometimes inhumane modern society. Antithesis Statement Euthanasia is nothing less than cold-blooded killing. Euthanasia cheapens life, even more so than the very divisive issue of abortion. Euthanasia is morally and ethically wrong and should be banned in these United States. Modern edicine has evolved by leaps and bounds recently, euthanasia resets these medical advances back by years and reduces todays Medical Doctors to administrators of death. Euthanasia defined The term Euthanasia is used generally to refer to an easy or painless death. Voluntary euthanasia involves a request by the dying patient or that persons legal representative. Passive or negative euthanasia involves not doing something to prevent deaththat is, allowing someone to die; active or positive euthanasia involves taking deliberate action to cause a death. Euthanasia is often mistaken or associated with for assisted suicide, a istant cousin of euthanasia, in which a person wishes to commit suicide but feels unable to perform the act alone because of a physical disability or lack of knowledge about the most effective means. An individual who assists a suicide victim in accomplishing that goal may or may not be held responsible for the death, depending on local laws. There is a distinct difference between euthanasia and assisted suicide. This paper targets euthanasia; pros and cons, not assisted suicide. Thesis Argument That Euthanasia Should Be Accepted Without doubt, modern dying has become fearsome. Doctors now possess he technologies and the skills to forestall natural death almost indefinitely. All too often, the terminally ill suffer needless pain and are kept alive without real hope, as families hold a harrowing deathwatch. In ancient Greece and Rome it was permissible in some situations to help others die. For example, the Greek writer Plutarch mentioned that in Sparta, infanticide was practiced on children who lacked health and vigor. Both Socrates and Plato sanctioned forms of euthanasia in certain cases. Voluntary euthanasia for the elderly was an approved custom in several ancient societies . Euthanasia has been accepted both legally and morally in various forms in many societies . There is no more profoundly personal decision, nor one which is closer to the heart of personal liberty, than the choice which a terminally ill person makes to end his or her suffering , U. S. District Judge Barbara Rothstein wrote (R-1). Organizations supporting the legalization of voluntary euthanasia were established in Great Britain in 1935 and in the United States in 1938. They have gained some public support, but so far they have been unable to achieve their goal in either nation. In the last few ecades, Western laws against passive and voluntary euthanasia have slowly been eased (1). The proeuthanasia, or right to die, movement has received considerable encouragement by the passage of laws in 40 states by 1990, which allow legally competent individuals to make living wills. These wills empower and instruct doctors to withhold life-support systems if the individuals become terminally ill . Euthanasia continues to occur in all societies, including those in which it is held to be immoral and illegal. Night Chapter 4(Poem) and Chaptr 8(Eulogy) EssaySlightly more than half of the physicians surveyed in Washington State would approve the legalization of physician-assisted suicide and euthanasia under certain circumstances. A total of 938 physicians completed questionnaires bout their attitudes toward euthanasia and assisted suicide. Physician- assisted suicide was described as prescribing medication and providing counseling to patients on overdosing to end their own lives. Euthanasia was defined as administering an overdose of medication at an ill patients request. Forty-two percent of physicians indicated that they found euthanasia ethically acceptable under some circumstances. Fifty-four percent indicated that they believed euthanasia should be legal under certain circumstances . Today, patients are entitled to opt for passive euthanasia; that is, to make free and informed choices to refuse life support. The controversy over active euthanasia, however, is likely to remain intense because of opposition from religious groups and many members of the medical profession . The medical profession has generally been caught in the middle of the social controversies that rage over euthanasia. Government and religious groups as well as the medical profession itself agree that doctors are not required to use extraordinary means to prolong the life of the terminally ill . The Second Chamber of the Dutch Parliment developed and approved the following substantive and procedural guidelines, or points for Dutch hysicians to consider when practicing or administering Euthanasia: Substantive Guidelines (a) Euthanasia must be voluntary; the patients request must be seriously considered and enduring. b) The patient must have adequate information about his or her medical condition, the prognosis, and alternative methods of treatment (though it is not required that the patient be terminally ill). (c) The patients suffering must be intolerable, in the patients view, and must also be irreversible. (d) There must be no reasonable alternatives for relieving the patients suffering that are acceptable to the patient.

System and administration structure of Malaysia Essay Example For Students

System and administration structure of Malaysia Essay School of Accounting A ; Finance Malayan surveies 3 We will write a custom essay on System and administration structure of Malaysia specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now MPU3173 System and disposal construction of Malaysia System and disposal construction of Malaya Group work Abstraction Malaysia is a federal constitutional monarchy located in the Southeast Asia, Composed of the southern Malay Peninsula of Malaya and is located in the northern Kalimantan island of Sarawak, Sabah. This study is speaking about the system and the disposal construction of Malaysia. The system of the Malaysia authorities is closely modeled on that of the Westminster parliamentary system, a bequest of British colonial regulation. The caput of the state is the Yang di-Pertuan Agong who is the male monarch of this province. Power in Malaysia is divided into 3 parts by the 3 bureaus responsible for it. They are the legislative assembly, the bench, and the executive. Meanwhileiin this paper, we besides discussion to the system and the disposal construction of my state, China. We will analyze the two counties’ different and contrast. Thereby, we can break understand each other. Understand each other’s civilization, history, political relations, is contributing to interchange betwe en us. contents page 1.introduction .1 2. Literature Reappraisal ..2 3. Method and stuffs for Malaya 4 3.1 Legislative 4 3.2 Executive .5 3.3 Judicial ..5 4. Method and stuffs for China ..6 LEGISLATIVE: .6 Executive: 7 Judiciary: 8 5.Different .9 6. Decision 11 7.Reference list ..12 Outline1 1. Introduction2 2. Literature Reappraisal3 3. Method and stuffs for Malaya4 3.1 Legislative5 3.2 Executive6 3.3 Judicial7 4. Method and stuffs for China8 LEGISLATIVE:9 Executive:10 Judiciary:11 5. Different12 6. Decision 1. Introduction Malaysia is a state in Southeast Asia dwelling of 13 provinces and three Federal Territories, with a entire land mass of 329,845 square kilometres ( 127,354 sq myocardial infarction ) . The United Malays National Organization ( UMNO ) , together with a alliance of political parties known as the National Front ( BN ) , has held power since independency in 1957. The capital metropolis is Kuala Lumpur, while Putrajaya is the place of the federal authorities. The population stands at over 28 million. The state is separated by the South China Sea into two parts, Peninsular Malaysia and Malayan Borneo ( besides known as East Malaysia ) . Malaysia boundary lines Thailand, Indonesia, Singapore, and Brunei. It is near the equator and has a tropical clime. Malaysia’s caput of province is the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, an elected sovereign, and the caput of authorities is the Prime Minister. The authorities is closely modelled on the Westminster parliamentary system. In other words, is Malay sia a â€Å"constitutionally limited monarchy† , as the â€Å"new royalists† truly suggest and seek to keep, or a â€Å"constitutional monarchy† , as many others hold and have long believed. Malaysia is a democracy. The system and the disposal construction of Malaysia is be develop to 3 parts. Legislative power is divided between federal and province legislative assemblies. Executive power is vested in the cabinet, allow by the premier curate. Malaysia s legal system is based on English Common Law. Although the bench is theoretically independent, its independency has been called into inquiry and the assignment of Judgess deficiencies answerability and transparence. The Federation of Malaya was a federation of 11 provinces ( nine Malay provinces and two of the British Srtaits Settlements, Penang and Malacca ) that existed from 31 January 1 1948 until 16 September 1963. The Federation became independent on 31 August 1957, and in 1963 was reconstituted as Malaya with the add-on of Singapore, North Borneo, and Sarawak. The combination of provinces that once made up the Federation of Malaya is presently known as Peninsular Malaysia. 2. Literature Reappraisal The political relations of Malaysia takes topographic point in the model of a federal representative democratic constitutional monarchy, in which the Yang di Pertuan Agong is caput of province and the Prime Minister of Malaysia is the caput of authorities, Executive power is exercised by the federal authorities and the 13 province authoritiess. Federal legislative power is vested in the federal parliament and the 13 province assemblies. The bench is independent of the executive and the legislative assembly, though the executive maintains a certain degree of influence in the assignment of Judgess to the tribunals. The Constitution of Malaysia is codified and the system of authorities is based on the curate system. The hierarchy of authorization in Malaysia, iin conformity to the Federal Constitution, has stipulated the three subdivisions ( administrative constituents ) of the Malayan authorities as consisting of the Executive, Judiciary and Legislative subdivision. Whereas, the Parliament consists of the Dewan Negara ( Upper House/House of Senate ) and Dewan Rakyat ( Lower House/House of Representatives ) . 2 BRANCHES OF GOVERNMENT LEGISLATIVE Executive Judiciary State Degree State Degree YDPA ( as discussed above ) YDPA (  ·The state supreme head ·Above every one and can non be convicted in any trial ·constitutional monarchyHold the station for five years ·Selection ) FEDERAL LEVEL State LAGISLATIVE Assembly FERAL LEVEL RULES/YDN ( Yanch, Pertuan, Neger ) STATE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL Rules Premier MINISTER ( how is Prime Minister approved ; Function/Role ; Ministers how ) .u41ec16e5d28848ad9c5669516425069a , .u41ec16e5d28848ad9c5669516425069a .postImageUrl , .u41ec16e5d28848ad9c5669516425069a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u41ec16e5d28848ad9c5669516425069a , .u41ec16e5d28848ad9c5669516425069a:hover , .u41ec16e5d28848ad9c5669516425069a:visited , .u41ec16e5d28848ad9c5669516425069a:active { border:0!important; } .u41ec16e5d28848ad9c5669516425069a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u41ec16e5d28848ad9c5669516425069a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u41ec16e5d28848ad9c5669516425069a:active , .u41ec16e5d28848ad9c5669516425069a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u41ec16e5d28848ad9c5669516425069a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u41ec16e5d28848ad9c5669516425069a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u41ec16e5d28848ad9c5669516425069a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u41ec16e5d28848ad9c5669516425069a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u41ec16e5d28848ad9c5669516425069a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u41ec16e5d28848ad9c5669516425069a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u41ec16e5d28848ad9c5669516425069a .u41ec16e5d28848ad9c5669516425069a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u41ec16e5d28848ad9c5669516425069a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Marijuana Essay Summary Council OF THE RULES ( What ; Function/Role ) Senate MENTERI BESAT/CHIEF MINISTER HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVE Cabinet 3 3. Method and stuffs for Malaya 3.1 Legislative Legislative power is divided between federal and province legislative assemblies. The bicameral parliament consists of the lower house, the House of Representatives or dewan Negara ( literally the â€Å"Chamber of the Nation† ) . All 70 Senate members sit for three-year footings ( to a upper limit of two footings ) ; 26 are elected by the 13 province assemblies and forty-four are appointed by the male monarch based on the advice of the Prime Minister. Parliament has a maximal authorization of five old ages by jurisprudence. The male monarch may fade out parliament at any clip, and normally does so upon the advice of the Prime Minister. General elections must be held within sivty yearss of the disintegration of parliament. I pattern, this has meant that elections have been held every three to five old ages at the discretion of the Prime Minister. Legislative power divided between federal and province legislative assemblies. Malaysia has two beginnings of jurisprudence. The national fundamental law, the nation’s supreme jurisprudence, can be amended by a tow-thirds bulk in parliament. ( Since its formation, the VN has neer lacked the necessary two0thirds until 2008†s General Election ) The 2nd beginning of jurisprudence is syariah ( Muslim jurisprudence ) , which applies merely to Muslims. Ther federal authorities has small input into the disposal of syariah ; it falls to the provinces to implement Islamic jurisprudence, and readings vary from province to province. The parliament follows a multi-party system and the regulating organic structure is elected through a first-past-the station system. 4 3.2 Executive Executive power is vested in the cabinet led by the Prime Minister, the Malayan fundamental law stipulates that the premier curate must be a member of the Lower House of parliament who, in the sentiment of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong ( YDPA ) , commands a bulk in parliament. The cabinet is chosen from among members of both houses of Parliament and is responsible to that organic structure. The executive subdivision of the authorities consists of the Prime Minister as the caput of the authorities, followed by the assorted curates of the Cabinet. Strictly talking, the Executive subdivision does non hold the right to step in in the Legislative or Judicial subdivisions of the province. This is to guarantee that the rule of separation of power is adhered to, as guaranteed by Article 127 of the Federal Constitution. 3.3 Judicial The bench is theoretically independent of the executive and the legislative assembly, although protagonists of the authorities hold many judicial places. The highest tribunal in the judicial system is the Federal Court, followed by he Court of Appeal, and two High Courts, one for Peninsular Malaysia, and one for East Malaysia. The subsidiary tribunals in each of these legal powers include Sessions Courts, Magistrates’Courts, and tribunals for Children. Malaysia besides has a Particular Court to hear instances brought by or against all Royalty. There is besides a Particular Court, established in 1993 to hear instances brought by or against Ruler. Before its constitution, Rulers were immune from any proceedings brought against them in their personal capacity. Rulers include the Yang di-Petuan Agong, and the caputs of province of Malaysia’s constituent provinces. 5 Separate from the civil tribunals are the Syariah Courts, which decide on instances which involve Malayan Muslims. These tribunals run parallel to the normal tribunal system, and are undergoing reforms that include the first of all time assignment of female Judgess. Argument exists in Malaysian over whether the state should be secular of Islamic. Some province authoritiess controlled by the Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party, including that of Terengganu, have passed Islamic Torahs, but these have non gone into consequence due to resistance from the federal authorities. 4. Method and stuffs for China China is a communist state, is besides a one-party province. Since October 1, 1949, the initiation of China s statute law, disposal and bench are perfect, China is besides the regulation of law.Economics, get downing in the 1970 s reform and opening up, after more than 30 old ages of dramatic growing, China eventually surpassed Japan, became the universe s 2nd largest economic system after the United States. LEGISLATIVE: The National People s Congress of the People s Republic of China is the highest organ of province power. Its lasting organic structure is the standing commission of the National People s Congress ( NPC ) , have to amend the fundamental law, oversee the execution of the fundamental law, enacts and amends condemnable, civil, and province bureaus and other basic Torahs of power. The National People s Congress and the standing commission of the National People s Congress exercising province legislative power. 6 Executive: Chinese administrative leading degree are divided into: the National Day, deputy at the national degree, provincial degree at the, provincial deputy, sent at the, internal deputy, the county degree at the county degree deputy, XiangKeJi at, XiangKeJi deputy. China s administrative variety meats in general can be divided into 5 degrees: national, provincial, internal, county degree, XiangKeJi. Particular instance is: ( 1 ) under the province council ( national ) ; ( 2 ) the assorted ministries and committees under the province council, the states ( municipalities and independent parts ) authorities ( provincial ) ; ( 3 ) the assorted ministries and committees under the province council has sections, the provincial authorities office consists of the hall, around the metropolis ( internal ) ; ( 4 ) the ministries and sections under the office of the province council, the provincial agency under the office, the prefecture has office, counties and county-level metropolis ( county degree ) ; ( 5 ) the relevant units, small towns and towns authorities section ( XiangKeJi ) Administrative divisions shall be the province disposal for easiness of direction and hierarchal division of part. Therefore, administrative division besides called administrative countries. At present, the sum is divided into 23 states, five independent parts ( including Taiwan ) , four municipalities straight under the cardinal authorities, two particular administrative part. China s administrative division By the terminal of 2010, the national sum of 34 provincial administrative part ( including: four municipalities straight under the cardinal authorities, 23 states, five independent parts, two particular administrative part ) , 333 regional administrative units ( of which: 283 topographic points, 17 parts, 30 independent prefectures and three gold ) , 2856 county-level administrative units ( of which: 853 of the 370 territories, 370 county-level metropoliss, counties, independent counties, and 117 49 flag, three first-hand informations, two zones, one wood ) , 40906 township admi nistrative division unit Now in many instances, .u5c2449e0d8dfa6303cea33227d8a8dc7 , .u5c2449e0d8dfa6303cea33227d8a8dc7 .postImageUrl , .u5c2449e0d8dfa6303cea33227d8a8dc7 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5c2449e0d8dfa6303cea33227d8a8dc7 , .u5c2449e0d8dfa6303cea33227d8a8dc7:hover , .u5c2449e0d8dfa6303cea33227d8a8dc7:visited , .u5c2449e0d8dfa6303cea33227d8a8dc7:active { border:0!important; } .u5c2449e0d8dfa6303cea33227d8a8dc7 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5c2449e0d8dfa6303cea33227d8a8dc7 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5c2449e0d8dfa6303cea33227d8a8dc7:active , .u5c2449e0d8dfa6303cea33227d8a8dc7:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5c2449e0d8dfa6303cea33227d8a8dc7 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5c2449e0d8dfa6303cea33227d8a8dc7 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5c2449e0d8dfa6303cea33227d8a8dc7 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5c2449e0d8dfa6303cea33227d8a8dc7 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5c2449e0d8dfa6303cea33227d8a8dc7:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5c2449e0d8dfa6303cea33227d8a8dc7 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5c2449e0d8dfa6303cea33227d8a8dc7 .u5c2449e0d8dfa6303cea33227d8a8dc7-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5c2449e0d8dfa6303cea33227d8a8dc7:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Twenty Parts of the Brain and Their Functions Essay7 frequently used in east China, north China, south China, cardinal China, nor-east, sou-west, north-west seven country distribution, specific as follows: north China ( Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, shanxi, Inner Mongolia ) , east China ( Shanghai, shandong, jiangsu, anhui, jiangxi, zhejiang, fujian ) , cardinal China ( hubei, Hunan, henan ) , south China ( guangdong, guangxi, hainan ) , southwest ( chongqing, Szechwan, guizhou, Yunnan, Tibet ) , northwest ( shaanxi, Gansu, qinghai, ningxia, xinjiang ) , north-east ( heilongjiang, jilin, liaoning ) . ( below the provincial degree administrative unit statistics does non include Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan ) .At the provincial degree administrative part ( country codification ) ( or moniker ) country ( km2 ) population ( 10 thousand people ) or capital, provincial place of authorities, the provincial capital, and the nothing codification of the administrative country Judiciary: The judicial variety meats to exert the legal power of the province variety meats. In the capitalist states, the bench and the legislative assembly, the administrative organ reciprocally dependent ; In a socialist state, the judicial variety meats from belongs to the variety meats of province power and comparatively independent of other province variety meats. China s judicial establishments, general office, political section, the agency of prisons, reeducation through labour agency, imperativeness and promotion section of legal system, the counsel jurisprudence notary section, grass-roots work direction, the province judicial scrutiny section, legal section, research lab, judicial aid, foreign personal businesss section, fiscal equipment section, variety meats of the party commission, in the disposal of the subject, bureau services. 8 5. Different Now, let’s expression at about what China and Malaysia on a different system of authorities. Malaysia is a constitutional monarchy, the caput of province called the Supreme Head of Malaysia. China is a socialist state, the execution of the people’s Congress system, the People’s Congress is the highest authorization. The highest authorization is different because of the different national systems of two states. China is the People s Republic of China State Council executive. The Judiciary is the People s Court, People s Court is a national judicial and divided the Supreme Court local degrees and particular people s tribunals. Malaysia s political construction is the swayer of the meeting, the Conference of Rulers has a high power, the Prime Minister and State Minister of Justice provinces, Chief Minister to help the meeting. Parliament, besides known as the Congress, the highest legislative organic structure. By the House of Lords and House of Commons. Finally, there are political inquiries about the two states. Communist Party of China, is China s opinion party. State establishments Party People s Republic of China is the vanguard of the Chinese on the job category, while the vanguard of the Chinese people, is the taking nucleus of socialism with Chinese features and represents the development demands of China s advanced productive forces, the orientation of China s advanced civilization, and the Chinese the cardinal involvements of the people. Multi-party cooperation and political audience under the leading of the Communist Party of China is a basic political system of People s Republic of China is the political party system with Chinese features. 9 Chinese Peoples Advisory Conference under the leading of the Communist Party of China, there are assorted democratic parties, democratic personages without party association, people s organisations, cultural minorities and all nationalists who participated in by all socialist workers, nationalists who support socialism and reunion of the fatherland Patriots composing, including our compatriots in Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macao compatriots and abroad Chinese compatriots, including the broadest loyal united forepart organisation. Malaya has more than 40 registered political parties. National Front alliance by 14 political parties in power. National FrontiBarisan National: The governing alliance. From April 1974 to spread out the party s base in the Malayan Union, the members of the party opposed independency. Each party s run logo and uniform when the Declaration of election campaigners seats allocated internal audiences. Stress economic development, organizing all political parties, the constitution of peace, stableness, prosperity and societal justness. The chief opinion party: The United Malays National Organization, Malaysian Chinese Association, Malaysian Indian Congress. Summarize, different states are politically in order to accommodate to the state s basic national conditions and development, the differences on the executive governments of the two states besides reflects the different civilizations and backgrounds. 10 6. Decision Now, Malaysia is an emerging diversified economic system. Economy by springs and bounds in the 1990s is one of the Asiatic Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelams. Asia has become a compelling diversified emerging industrial states and emerging market economic systems in the universe. Tourism has become Malaysia s 3rd largest beginning of foreign exchange net incomes, knowledge-based economic system in the service sector besides synchronised enlargement. Has a long history of exchanges between China and Malaysia. Malaysia established diplomatic dealingss since the two states continue to spread out and intensify bilateral dealingss, conveying touchable benefits to both sides, but besides to advance the prosperity and advancement of the two states and the part played an of import function. The two sides will farther beef up coordination and cooperation in a broad scope of countries, work together to advance peace, stableness, security, harmoniousness and development in the two states and t he part. We came to Malaysia for six months, felt the sides of the people are really warm and friendly, more unfastened civilization, economic system is flourishing development. This is a state that makes people fell comfy and happy. We believe that Malaysia will develop better and better, with an progressively of import international position, to keep friendly dealingss with China. That’s all. Thank you. 11 7. Reference list Nazaruddin hajji mohd gaol, ma’rof redzuan, asnarulkhadi abu samah dan ismail hj mohd Rashid. ( 2004 ) .Pengajian Malaya: kengaraan dan kewarganegaraan.Edisi kedua.Petaling jaya. Prentice hall. Jayum A. jawan ( 2002 )political relations and authorities in Malaysia.Shah alam: karisma publications. Nazaruddin hj. Mohd gaol et.al ( 2001 )pengajian Malaysia,learner hall: selangor hypertext transfer protocol: //my.china-embassy.org/chn/malaysia/mlxygk/t174743.htm hypertext transfer protocol: //news.xinhuanet.com/ziliao/2002-04/15/content_358691.htm hypertext transfer protocol: //asiancorrespondent.com/123737/the-confusion-about-constitutional-monarchy-in-malaysia/ hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Malaysia # Legislative hypertext transfer protocol: //www.doc88.com/p-687402941474.html hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya hypertext transfer protocol: //asiancorrespondent.com/123737/the-confusion-about-constitutional-monarchy-in-malaysia/ 12

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Anyhow, ecotourism has continued to gain popularity over the two decades and has developed into worldwide phenomena that show no signs of slowing down. The fact is that ecotourism is one of the rapid growing sectors in the tourism industry (Sharpley 2003). The demand for ecotourism is increasing at an annual rate of 10 to 30 percent (TIES 2000). In this circumstance, it is important to recognize possible physical environment, socio-cultural and economic impacts and its effectiveness as a strategy for sustainable development. Problem statement There are lot of negative impact on the environment and local community due to unsustainable planning and management of ecotourism (Honey 1999). In rural areas, managing and controlling the development of ecotourism may be somewhat complex because of lack of experiences on the subject of the carrying capacity of the host destination. Therefore, it is necessary to have an assessment of potential physical environmental, socio-cultural, and economic impact of ecotourism for the planning of sustainable ecotourism development in an area. Further Analyzing the potential of ecotourism as a strategy for sustainable development of a particular area is important to carry on development activities in future. In that way, Pulau Ubin doesnt experience rapid urbanization like other parts of Singapore. Still it has its own nature and unspoiled environment. But, Singapore government implements several ecotourism development projects on this small island right now. Those projects are so much problema tic and controversial. There are strong voices regarding environmental protection of the Island. Thus, indentifying potential impacts of ecotourism and its compatibility for sustainable development must be studied in Pulau Ubin Island Singapore. Justification of the study According to available literature, ecotourism is growing rapidly in Singapore (Herbig). At the same time, one of the problems regarding ecotourism is that it is developed without satisfying knowledge of the impacts on local environments. It is a rather new type of tourism and yet there are few clear papers written in this field particularly about Pulau Ubin. Therefore, it is better studying about potential physical environmental, economic and socio-cultural impact of ecotourism and its compatibility for sustainable development in Pulau Ubin Island Singapore. Therefore this research attempts to fulfill these objectives as much as possible. Objectives of the research and research question Objectives of this research are To assess possible physical environmental, economic and socio-cultural impacts of ecotourism To investigate the potential of ecotourism as a strategy for local sustainable development. The following research question will be used to address the purposes of the research What kind of impacts are on the physical environment, economic and socio-cultural due to development of ecotourism? What sort of factors should be taken into account before introducing ecotourism in the Pulau Ubin Island? How ecotourism can be utilized as a tool for local sustainable development Study Area Pulau ubin is the second the largest, first one is Pulau Tekong, offshore island of Singapore. It is located in the strait of johor just opposite to Changi. Pulau Ubin has been described as being boomerang shaped. Pulau Ubin is about 8 Km length and 1.3 to 1.7 Km breadth with the area of 10.3 Km2. It is almost flat land. The highest point is Puaka hill. It is around 74m height from sea level. Pulau Sekudu or Frog Island (opposite Chek Jawa), and Pulau Ketam (opposite Ubin Lagoon Resort) are the two major offshore islets which are very near to the Pulau Ubin. There are several rivers which are meandering through Pulau Ubin in which Sungei Besar and Sungei Mamam are the main rivers. Pulau Ubin is made up mostly of granite. This controls the much of the activities of the island. Especially the name Pulau Ubin arises from this crucial geological structure. Pulau Ubin doesnt experience rapid urbanization and industrialization like main land of Singapore. Still it has its own traditional w ay of living. Most of the people inhabit with the scattered settlement model. Major portion of the population around two third is Chinese and rest is Indians and malays. Major activities of income are subsistence farming, commercial fishing and net-cage fisheries, prawn farming, coconut plantations and so on. This small island is very popular for leisure and recreation activities among local and international tourist. (http://www.wildsingapore.com/ubin/places/geography.htm). Figure 01 Map of the Study Area Methodology Research design Research design helps researcher to decide research approach. That is to say, either qualitative or quantitative or the combination of both. Further, research design put a basic for analyzing the collected data. This will lead the researcher to think of time availability, practical problems and so on (Kitchin and Tate 2000). There are no specific rules and regulations as to how to develop research design. When Kitchin and Tate (2000) point out regarding research design, it is very difficult to give a guideline as to how to design a research. Most of the time, research design is the outcome of the knowledge and imagination of the researcher (Kitchin and Tate 2000). This means, research design comes from researchers own view and judgment. Selection of the research methods will vary according to the nature of the research. Besides, a research method depends on the research problem, research question and experiences of researcher. Accordingly, I adopt qualitative methods in this research to perform well. A literature review will be done to get more information regarding this study. In fact, Secondary data will be used as a supportive data to the primary data. In this research, qualitative methods will be used as key method to get information since this is going to deal with environmental, Economic and socio cultural impact of the ecotourism. Most part of the research may deal with community based activities. Justification of the methodology The qualitative method that I choose in my research is based on the nature of the study. This research partially deals with social aspect. Therefore, qualitative method is considered more suitable to assess possible physical environmental, economic and socio-cultural impacts of ecotourism. Crang (2002) points out that â€Å"Qualitative approaches have enabled the study of, and emphasized the importance of, seeing economic activity as a set of lived practices, assumptions and codes of behavior†. Further, Qualitative method is used to understand the lived experience and to reflect on it and sharing the meaning of everyday social world and realities (Limb and Dwyer 2001). In addition, qualitative method is used to collect about the activities, behavior and problems that the people face in their daily context. Further, qualitative methodology is considered as good to study about the diverse view of the stakeholders in the ecotourism since it involves with many different stakeholde rs interest. When we are more stick on the multiple meaning, representation then qualitative methodology is useful one (Limb and Dwyer 2001). Further, qualitative methods will help me to make sure the date that I am going to obtain from different interview in the field. In fact, qualitative methods have its unique features as I mentioned above. But there are certain limitations in the qualitative methods. For instance, sometimes it may be bias. That is to say, there is possibility to have researchers influence in the finding of the research. When many researchers use qualitative methods in their research, theme may be same, but interpretation of the same theme will be in different point of view according to researchers background. When Kvale (1996) points out regarding researchers bias, he says that, there is lack of objectivity in the qualitative research. Objectivity means here is freedom from being bias. There is another critique about qualitative methods that, information for the research use to collect from very small amount of respondents. Therefore it will not represent whole population or the society. Data Types, Sources and Collection This research will be contained both primary and secondary data. Most of the researches and other articles which are related to the study will be reviewed as secondary data. For instance, previous research about the Pulau Ubin Island. Basically, both primary and secondary data will be used to prove the objective of the research. Secondary data will be functioned as more supportive data to the primary data. Methodology of research Methodologically, this study will be carried out in three phases. Phase I concerns the literature reviews. This will be accomplished through searching literature on tourism and ecotourism to discover the possible impacts of ecotourism on visited destinations. The literature review covers books, articles, and website data which will be systematically assessed to identify the three major areas of economic, socio-cultural, and physical environmental impacts on eco-tourist destinations and ecotourism as a strategy for local sustainable development. Primary factors of above mentioned areas will be identified that influence of ecotourism developments and their impacts on the local levels. Phase II applies the factors elaborated upon in Phase I to assess the Pulau Ubin Island. This will be done by using the data that I am going to collect in Pulau Ubin Island during the summer of 2008. The data collection will include observations, interviews with elected officials and some governmental and private business entities, tourists (if possible both international and national tourist) and some secondary data sources. Phase III these data will be assessed according to the identified factors for two purposes: first, to assess possible physical environment, Economic and Socio-cultural impacts of ecotourism in Pulau Ubin Island; second, to look into the potential of ecotourism as a strategy for local sustainable development. Sample selection Respondents will be selected by using snowball sampling methods to address the research question and objective of the study. Snowball sampling methods will help the researcher understanding of the problem and research question. For example, key informants will be selected based on their professional status to get more and more relevant information. Tourists will be selected randomly including local tourist. This will diminish some kind of inconveniences to the researcher. Primary data will be collected through around 30 semi-structured interviews that will conduct with 30 people from June 15th to August 15th 2008. These interviews include: 14 villagers, 3 owners of restaurant, 2 employees of the restaurant, 4 employees from companies that are working in the study area, a person from central environmental authority of Singapore, a person from Ministry of Environment of Singapore and 5 tourists (both international and local). Therefore a total of 30 interviews will be conducted and analyzed as part of this research. Semi-structured Key informant and individual interviews In this research, primary and data will be gathered by using semi structure interview and direct observation. Semi structured interviews will be used to collect data from both individual and key informants. Semi structured interviews acts as an effective tool for collecting basic information stakeholders regarding ecotourism. â€Å"Qualitative methods are methodologically appealing because they allow a wide range of experiences to be documented, voices to be heard, representations to be made and interpretations to be extracted. Open ended qualitative interviews are, after all, the obvious way of allowing people to speak for themselves about their own view and experiences of the world† (Limb and Dwyer 2001). When we have interviews it generates lots of information very quickly. So it helps researchers to handle lot of topics of the research at a time. Sometimes, qualitative interview helps us to clarify the problems raised by the interviewer. Always interviews are really good f or studying peoples understanding of meaning, describing their experiences, clarifying their own perspective on their day to day live (Kvale 1996). There are certain critiques on the in-depth and semi structured interviews. That is to say, in-depth and semi structured interviews are very much dependent on the skill of the interviewer. This means, amount of the expected data is based on the expression of the interviewer and how interviewer interacts with informant. In many instance, interview may divert into another direction due to the skill of argument or interest of the informant and sometime there is chance to mislead the interviewer by the key informant (Mikkelsen 2005). This is also one of the disadvantages of having interviews. In the in-depth interviews, it is very difficult to keep important question from omitting that can address our research objectives. Always researcher has to be very careful on the topic and related question when he conducts interviews. Good interviews require expertise in both subject matter and interaction (Kvale 1996). In addition, flexibility of researcher in sequences and words of the interview may affect the result of the informant namely there may be different answers from the different perspective (Mikkelsen 2005). All interviews in this research will be carried out with take into account all of these strength and weakness of the interview. Interview guides are formulated to conduct these interviews (see appendix 01). Participant Observation Other than interviews, participant observation will also be engaged. Participant observation activities contain living with a family in the community, working with them and spending time to understand their activities, behaviors and so on (Laurier 2003). In that way there are possibilities to attain in tourism activities, and meetings of local residents in Puau Ubin Singapore. Participant observation will be used to harmonize and support the interview process in three ways; first, it yields insights that assist in the formulation of questions for interviews. Second, it makes easy relationships with local residents. Finally, participant observation offers the opportunity to confirm or question the information gained through interviews. When Smith (2001) points out â€Å"there are lots of thing that can only be obtained through participant observation†. Participant observation and interviews are not separate activities, but mutually informative methods. When Kitchin and Tate (20 00) point out that direct observation is an inductive method to obtain fruitful information. It is important to note, however, that in this research the interviews are the primary source of data, while participant observation plays a supporting role. Data analysis Data of this research will be analyzed according to the theoretical frame work and objective and research questions of this research. The collected data in this study will also be analyzed according to the theoretical framework of the research. The collected date from interviews will be transcribed and coded into theme in relation to the concept, theory and interviewees response and researchers observations. In addition, secondary data will be analyzed by using text analysis. Use of the secondary date will help us to get more understanding of ground situation of the field. Validity and reliability In qualitative research, validity and reliability are two most important factors that should be taken into account when designing, analyzing and evaluating quality of the research. Conclusion of the qualitative research should be very strong and natural to accept it without further doubt or confusion (Kitchin and Tate 2000). There should not be bias in order to get validity and reliability in qualitative research. Validity in qualitative research is a tool to make sure the logical order, foundation, and soundness of the research (Kitchin and Tate 2000). Validity depends on the nature of the theme that we investigated in the field (Kvale 1996). Normally, validity in qualitative research means that true and certain of findings. It can be motioned in anther way that validity measures the truthful of how far reached its intended objectives. Researcher uses series of question to maximize the validity of the research. Each question should be justified in relation to the objectives and rese arch questions of the research to establish validity. Most of the time, validity interlink with empirical knowledge of the subject and area of the research. Reliability is some sort of trustworthiness of the research and findings. Validity and reliability are the two side of a coin because there is no reliability without validity. Presentation of validity will be good enough to reliability later. Patton (2002) says that ability and skill of the researcher in a qualitative research will have major influence on the validity and reliability. In addition reliability will depend on the respondents answer. Form instance, some informant will be reluctant to answer for some sort of question and sometimes they give sort of wrong or biased information. Therefore this will reduce the level of reliability of the study. I have planned to use a combination of qualitative methods to minimize the risk of bias. I will use both semi structured and direct observation to collect primary data. It helps me to crosscheck the data that I am going to collect in the field. I will keep my position as research student and try my best to convince my respondents. And also I will follow the ethical concept of conducting research. Further, snowball sampling method that I am going to use in this research will help me to get more correct or useful informant. This will increase validity and reliability of this research. Besides, there may be some kind of short comes in the date collection and interpretation. It is extremely not easy to avoid some unexpected incidents in the field. I as a researcher will try my best to keep validity and reliability of this research. Limitations Since Ecotourism and sustainable development is a broad topic, it is difficult to include all aspects. Therefore this research has been limited to identifying potential environmental, social and economical impacts of ecotourism and also, analyzing the potential of ecotourism as a strategy for local sustainable development. The study area has been limited to an Island to have in-depth study. Field work period is limited to two months. Researcher (me) may face some kind of language barrier in the field. Most of them speak Chinese. But there are people who speak either Tamil or English. Therefore, I hope that I would be able to manage it. Since the study area is very new for the researcher, it may consume few days to get familiar with the area and people. References Crang, M. (2002) Qualitative methods: the new orthodoxy? Progress in Human Geography 26, 5 pp. 647-655. Honey, M. (1999). Ecotourism and Sustainable Development: Who Owns Paradise? Washington, D.C.: Island Press. Kitchin, R. and Tate, N. J. (2000). Conducting Research in Human Geography: Theory, Methodology and Practice, Pearson Education Limited, Essex. Kvale, S. (1996). Interviews: An Introduction to Qualitative Research Interviewing, Sage Publications, Lund. Legends of Ubin [Online]  // Wildsingapore web site.   2003.   03 15, 2008.   http://www.wildsingapore.com/ubin/places/geography.htm. Limb, M. and Dwyer, C. (2001). Qualitative Methodologies for Geographers: Issues and Debates. Oxford University Press, New York. Mikkelsen, B, (2005). Methods for Development Work and Research: A new guide for practitioners, SAGA Publications, New Delhi. Patton, M.Q. (2002). Qualitative Research and Evaluation Methods (3rd ed.), Sage Publication, London. Paul Herbig, P( ?) CULTURE Influlences ON ECOTOURISM PARTICIPATION Marketing and the Environment Lecture Series Lecture 4: available at www.herbigandsons.com/lecture/Ecotourism.doc reviewed on 2008/04/21. Sharpley, R. (2003). Tourism: Tourists Society, ELM publication,Cambridgeshire. Smith, V. L., and Eadington, W. R. (ed) (1992). Tourism Alternatives: Potentials and Problems in the Development of Tourism, New York, John Wiley. The International Ecotourism Society, (2000) Ecotourism Statistical Fact Sheet, Journal of Travel Research. Available at http://www.ecotourism.org/WebModules/WebMember/MemberApplication/onlineLib/MemberApplication/onlineLib/Uploaded/Ecotourism%20Factsheet%202000.pdf reviewed on 2008/04/21. Weaver, D. B. (1999). Magnitude of Ecotourism in Costa Rica and Kenya, Annals of Tourism Research, 26(4), 792-816. Appendixes Appendix I Interview guide Individual Interview guide 01 Individual questions Your occupation? Your age? How long you are living in this area? What kind of economic benefits you gain from ecotourism in this island? What is your experience with ecotourism? Are you working in the tourism industry in this island? What economic activities are undertaken by your family members? What is your average income per month? How does ecotourism support you to improve standard of living? What is your perception on ecotourism in this island? General questions Is there any impact in this island due to ecotourism? Is there unemployment problem in this island? Could you observe any impacts on local employment in this island after set up ecotourism? How do the economic benefits from ecotourism support the services to the island? Most villagers are involved in which aspects of ecotourism? How do the villagers utilize their natural resources to support tourism? What are the local attitudes about sustainable ecotourism? What does the island still need to support sustainable ecotourism? How has the villagers quality of life been influenced by the advent of tourism? What are the negative impacts caused by tourism on the island? Key informant Interview guide 02 Individual questions When was these hotels established here? Why did you decide to establish ecotourism here? What is your experience with ecotourism? Have you observed any conflict related to community conservation? Do you think local people benefit from Ecotourism? How? General questions Who is the management authority? What is the source of funding for management of these hotels? What are the potential tourist attractions here? Where do visitors come from? International or local? What are the good and bad things about Ecotourism on the Pulau Ubin Island? Who is in charge of Ecotourism activities on the Pulau Ubin Island? What are the benefits and challenges about running ecotourism in this area? Does ecotourism contribute to the economic development on the Pulau Ubin Island? Does ecotourism contribute to conservation in the area? And How? What are the opportunities and constrains on livelihood or job in this area? What kind of challenges and opportunities are there in offering good services to the tourists? What types of outside influences are there in the ecotourism development? For instance political influence or public opinion on environment? Interview guide 03 For administrative officers What are the general objectives towards tourism? What are the specific objectives towards ecotourism development? What strategy (or policy) exists for ecotourism development in the Island? What legal documents exist to regulate tourism/ecotourism activities in the Island? What are the specific rules and regulations in these documents for tourism and ecotourism activities? What monitoring mechanisms have been put in place to monitor ecotourism development? What benefits have been realized in terms of ecotourism revenue (e.g. employment, conservation, services, other) for community development? What measures have been put in place to ensure that the local heritage is not threatened by the development of ecotourism in the area? Who are the major stakeholders involved in the management of the ecotourism in Pulau Ubin Island? What challenges have been faced with regard to ecotourism development in Pulau Ubin Island? What are the major constraints that inhibit ecotourism development in Pulau Ubin Island? What opportunities exist for ecotourism development in Pulau Ubin Island? What future plans exist for ecotourism development in this area? Interview guide for Tourist What are your motivations for visiting to this island? What did you like most during your stay on this island? What did you dislike about the stay here? What kind of gifts, souvenirs and services would you like to have available? What are you expectations from the trips to the island? Which elements of sustainable ecotourism do you believe the Island best meets? How did you travel to the area? What is your length of stay in this island? Number of people in your travel party to the island? How did you learn about the island ecotourism? Where are you from? What is your occupation? Who much money you are going to spend during your stay here? Age? Do you think you will travel to this island again? Do you have any other suggestion and comments of your visit? What do you think about ecotourism on the island? What are good things and bad things about ecotourism on the Pulau Ubin Island? Appendix II Work plan of report writing NO Program May 2008 June July August September October November December January February March April May June 2009 1. Proposal preparation X 2. Field work X X X <

Depiction and Development of the Knight Hero in Wolfram von Eschenbach’

Introduction Wolfram von Eschenbach’s epic poem Parzival stands as one of the richest and most profound literary works to have survived from the middle ages. Lost in obscurity for centuries until rediscovered and republished by Karl Lachmann in 1833, the poem enjoyed at least as great a popularity when it was first composed as it does among today’s readers: Some eighty manuscripts have been preserved, in whole or in part, from Wolfram’s era (Poag 40). Among the more intriguing aspects of the work is Wolfram’s handling of the depiction and development of two of the story’s primary characters, the knights Gahmuret and Parzival, father and son. Central to the action of the text from its inception, yet never sharing a scene, these men function as the poem’s heroes—larger-than-life figures of extraordinary strength, skill and courage whose remarkable achievements and bravery carry the momentum of the story. These men represent the classic knightly warriors of old who (at least ideally) dedicated their energies and passions above all else to the noble pursuit of fame, honor and valor. Indeed, in the course of discussing heroic development in Parzival, one must also note the main characters’ chivalric development, as their natural proclivity and tendencies as knights are clearly reflected and reinforced in their heroic manner and mien. In the course of this investigation I wish to analyze the ways in which Wolfram depicts these knighly heroes and their development. In this way I shall attempt to achieve a better understanding of how Wolfram—and, by extension, the men of his time—themselves understood the themes and events he describes. I shall also include the critical perspectives of scholars whose have previously c... ...its, though not always attained thorough strict maintenance of precepts such as Campbell’s, is— and perhaps for that very reason—the stuff of great literature. Works Cited Campbell, Joseph. Myths to Live By. New York: Viking, 1972. Cousineau, Phil, Ed. The Hero’s Journey: The World of Joseph Campbell. San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1990. Eschenbach, Wolfram von. Parzival. English Trans., Ed. Andrà © Lefevere. New York: Continuum, 1991. —-. Parzival. German Trans. Wolfgang Mohr. Gà ¶ppingen: Alfred Kà ¼mmerle, 1977. Hasty, Will. †Introduction.† A Companion to Wolfram’s Parzival. Columbia: Camden House, 1999. Poag, James F. Wolfram von Eschenbach. New York: Twayne, 1972. Sacker, Hugh. An Introduction to Wolfram’s ‘Parzival.’ Cambridge: Cambridge U P, 1963 Weigand, Hermann. Wolfram’s Parzival: Five Essays with an Introduction. Ithaca: Cornell U P, 1969.